![]() At the same time, Mussolini initially tried to retain the status quo established after World War I by sending troops at the Brenner Pass to delay Anschluss and taking part in the Treaty of Lausanne, the Lytton Report, the Four-Power Pact and the Stresa Front. Between 19, Mussolini ordered the Italian military intervention in Spain in favor of Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, Ethiopia was conquered following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and merged into Italian East Africa (AOI) with Eritrea and Somalia. In the 1920s, he ordered the Pacification of Libya, instructed the bombing of Corfu over an incident with Greece, established a protectorate over Albania, and incorporated the city of Fiume into the Italian state via agreements with Yugoslavia. Mussolini's foreign policy aimed to expand the Italian possessions and the fascist sphere of influence. In 1929, Mussolini signed the Lateran Treaty with the Holy See to establish Vatican City. Within five years, Mussolini had established dictatorial authority by both legal and illegal means and aspired to create a totalitarian state. After removing all political opposition through his secret police and outlawing labor strikes, Mussolini and his followers consolidated power through a series of laws that transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship. On 31 October 1922, following the March on Rome (28–30 October), Mussolini was appointed prime minister by King Victor Emmanuel III, becoming the youngest individual to hold the office up to that time. Mussolini denounced the PSI, his views now centering on Italian nationalism instead of socialism, and later founded the fascist movement which came to oppose egalitarianism and class conflict, instead advocating " revolutionary nationalism" transcending class lines. In 1914, Mussolini founded a new newspaper, Il Popolo d'Italia, and served in the Royal Italian Army during the war until he was wounded and discharged in 1917. In 1912, he became a member of the National Directorate of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), but he was expelled from the PSI for advocating military intervention in World War I, in opposition to the party's stance on neutrality. Mussolini was originally a socialist politician and a journalist at the Avanti! newspaper. As dictator of Italy and principal founder of fascism, Mussolini inspired and supported the international spread of fascist movements during the inter-war period. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 1943, as well as " Duce" of Italian fascism from the establishment of the Italian Fasces of Combat in 1919 until his summary execution in 1945 by Italian partisans.
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